MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Courts often must apply the legal rules arising from fixed constitutional rights to new technologies in an evolving world. The First Amendment’s rules for speech apply to debate on the internet. Packingham v. North Carolina, 137 S. Ct. 1730, 1735–36 (2017). The Second Amendment’s rules for firearms apply to weapons that did not exist “at the time of the founding.” District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 582 (2008). The Supreme Court has made the same point for the rights at issue in this criminal case: The Fourth Amendment right against “unreasonable searches” and the Sixth Amendment right to confront “witnesses.” See Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 34–36 (2001); Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 315–17 (2009). We must consider how the established rules for these traditional rights should apply to a novel method for combatting child pornography: hashvalue matching.

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For these reasons and those that follow, we affirm Miller’s convictions.