THAPAR, Circuit Judge. When Gene Bell was pulled over, the police officer asked for his license, registration, and insurance, as officers commonly do. But Bell refused. Instead, he demanded to know why the officer had pulled him over. Yet the officer wanted Bell’s information first. After a tense stand-off, officers pulled Bell out of his vehicle, wrestled him to the ground, and tased him. Bell contends that the officers violated the Fourth Amendment’s bar against excessive force. The district court denied the officers qualified immunity, and they appealed. We dismiss in part, reverse in part, and remand.

SUTTON, Chief Judge. At stake is whether the district court correctly refused to certify a class of owners of foreclosed properties in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, all of whom challenge Ohio’s tax-foreclosure statute as a taking under the federal and state constitutions. While the claimants share a common legal theory—that the targeted Ohio law does not permit them to capture equity in their properties after the county transfers them to a land bank—they do not have a cognizable common theory for measuring the value in each property at the time of transfer. We affirm.