RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Following separate jury trials, defendants George Oscar Messer (Oscar) and his son Jake Messer (Jake) were each convicted on two counts of kidnapping, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1). They were both sentenced to terms of life imprisonment because of various sentencing enhancements, including one for sexual Both defendants appeal their convictions, arguing that the federal kidnapping statute is (1) an unconstitutional exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause, and (2) unconstitutionally vague. Jake also appeals his sentence as procedurally and substantively unreasonable. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district court.